When a molecule absorbs light, electrons in its constituent atoms become excited and are promoted to a higher energy level. When electrons in this excited state lose energy and return to the ground ...

Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of a machined piece. The aim of quenching is to obtain certain required material characteristics by desired phase transformations. Quenching is dependent upon ...

Astronomers studying galaxy evolution have long struggled to understand what causes star formation to shut down in massive galaxies. Although many theories have been proposed to explain this process, ...

All products featured on GQ are independently selected by GQ editors. However, when you buy something through our retail links, Condé Nast may earn an affiliate commission. First things first: The ...

Tempered glass is about four times stronger than "ordinary," or annealed, glass. And unlike annealed glass, which can shatter into jagged shards when broken, tempered glass fractures into small, ...