Climate is the average state of the atmosphere and the underlying land or water, on time scales of seasons and longer. Climate is typically described by the statistics of a set of atmospheric and ...

In this chapter the state of understanding of radiative forcing from individual agents is reviewed. Over the past 15 years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has produced ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Ian writes on fossil energies, climate, and transition to renewables. The recent Department of Energy Report, A Critical Review of ...